(3) “Silvo-fishery systems and coastal resource management in Southeast Asia”
          In 1978, the silvo-fishery system (tambak tumpang sari), which integrates mangroves and fishponds, was initially implemented by the State Forestry Corporation in West Java, Indonesia. The system was adopted and implemented collaboratively by both local people and governmental institutions in South Sulawesi. In Southeast Asia, various types of silvo-fishery systems were also implemented, such as aqua-silviculture or aquaculture-friendly mangroves in the Philippines, sustainable integration of mangroves and fishponds in Thailand, and mangrove conservation within national parks and natural reserves in coastal areas of Vietnam. The purposes of the programs were to preserve the mangroves and provide income-earning mechanisms to local residents of the areas surrounding the programs.
          Although It is an arduous task to integrate mangroves and fishponds within a field, a suitable integration was achieved by zoning the coastal areas. Through this survey, I was able to get a variety of related information which pointed towards the fact that the coastal area was divided and allocated into zones for economic activities and conservation purposes. Local people obtained economic benefits by establishing fishponds and raising fishes and shrimps within an economic zone; on the other hand, mangroves remained uncut within the conservation zone. This type of zoning was observed in several places I visited. For example, in Pangasa, in the Sinjai District of Indonesia, replanted mangroves remained uncut in the outermost fringe of the fishpond areas as a protection against waves and currents. In Samut Songkram, Thailand, local authorities provided areas for local people to plant mangroves for charcoal production; in Kung Krabaen of Chantaburi, Thailand, local authorities provided areas for local people to raise shrimps within fishponds, with mangroves sheltering th fishponds from waves and currents; in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province and Tien Hai Wetland Natural Reserve, Thai Binh Province of Vietnam, local authorities provided spaces to the local people for shrimps/fishes farming within fishponds surrounding the Park and the Reserve.