(3)  9 Jan - 4 Feb 2006 in Indonesia: Bogor for botanical study and East Kalimantan for anthropological study. 15 - 19 Jan 2006 at Long Belaka in East Kalimantan. Here I report the results of the fieldwork at Long Belaka.
          The Penan Benalui were formerly nomadic Bornean hunter-gatherers who lived in the forests. They began to settle down around 1960. At present, they cultivate rice and other plants, but also often go to the forests for hunting and gathering. In my previous fieldwork, I found that the Penan Benalui had detailed knowledge of wild plants, but that their knowledge of plant use was generally simple and practical compared to Bornean farmers. They only reported using several plants for purposes related to their traditional belief system. During this trip, I interviewed Penan Benalui individuals about their traditional belief system. The results are summarized below.
          They believe that bad spirits inhabit the forests. The Penan Benalui cannot see the spirits, as can some Kenyah farmers, and they do not have means to prevent encounters with them. When people encounter a bad spirit, they become helpless because they forget who they are and what they are doing. Some species of plants (including Koompassia excelsa, which many Bornean farmers refuse to fell) and some rocks house bad spirits. Persons who are afraid of the spirits should not pass by or collect the host plants, but those who are not afraid of them can harvest the plants. Thus, such people have been using the plants since the past.
          Traditional healing ceremonies called ngetarui are sometimes held even now. Persons who perform ngetarui sing ngetarui songs, and good spirits (including a spirit that helped a Kayan farmer child) enter into the persons, and heal the sick. Sometimes the people do not use anything and at other times they use a stick decorated with chicken feathers to call the spirits. The Penan Benalui have been converted to Christianity, but they consider believing in the spirits and in Christ to be compatible, though some prefer to pray to the spirits and others to Christ.
          The Penan Benalui's belief system seems to be influenced by that of the farmers, but the Penan Benalui are not as afraid of the forests and the bad spirits as are the farmers, and their way for contacting the spirits is simple. This is in agreement with the previous discussion that they generally recognize forest plants in a practical way.